Coffee culture in South Korea has evolved significantly from its early introduction in the 19th century to its current status as a vibrant and dynamic part of daily life. This article delves into the history of coffee in Korea, the types of coffee shops, and the contemporary trends in coffee consumption.
History of Coffee in Korea
Coffee was first introduced to Korea in the late 19th century. King Gojong tasted coffee for the first time in 1896, courtesy of Antoinette Sontag, the sister-in-law of a Russian ambassador. At that time, coffee was perceived as a symbol of Westernization and modernity, particularly appealing to the upper class. The first coffee shop, or “dabang,” in Korea was established by Sontag in 1902 in Jung-gu, Jeongdong, Seoul.
Modern-style dabangs began appearing in 1927 in Myeongdong, and these establishments quickly became popular among politicians, artists, and businesspeople. By the mid-20th century, dabangs served as hubs for political and cultural debates, although their high prices kept coffee a luxury for the elite until instant coffee was introduced during the Korean War (1950-1953). Instant coffee became widely available and enjoyed by the general public, leading to the growth of coffee consumption.
Evolution of Coffee Shops
- Traditional Dabangs:
- In the 1960s and 70s, dabangs were popular as dating spots for young people. The “music dabang” with DJs playing records became a social hub for college students during a time of political repression.
- Emergence of Cafés:
- In the 1980s, traditional dabangs began transforming into more modern cafés, focusing on a brighter atmosphere and a wider variety of coffee options. This shift marked the beginning of a new era in coffee culture.
- Modern Café Culture:
- The opening of the first Starbucks in Seoul in 1999 was a turning point, introducing new concepts such as self-service and take-out. Since then, the coffee market in Korea has expanded with a variety of international and local coffee chains, each offering unique features and atmospheres.
Current Coffee Consumption
As of 2015, South Korea had approximately 49,600 coffee shops, with 17,000 located in Seoul. The coffee shop density in Seoul surpasses that of cities like Seattle and San Francisco. In 2013, around 657,000 tons of coffee were sold in South Korea, with an average per capita consumption of about 2.3 kg.
Instant Coffee: Instant coffee has traditionally dominated the Korean market, with technologies like freeze-drying being advanced locally. By 2003, instant coffee comprised 90% of all coffee consumed in Korea.
Specialty Coffee: The rise of large coffee chains like Starbucks has increased the popularity of freshly brewed coffee. The fast-paced lifestyle in Korea has contributed to a preference for quick and high-quality coffee options.
Coffee and Buddhist Culture
In contemporary Korea, some Buddhist monks have increased their coffee consumption, with hand-drip coffee being particularly popular. This trend reflects a blend of traditional values with modern practices, allowing Buddhism to remain relevant in contemporary society.
Characteristics of Coffee Consumption in Korea
The most popular coffee in Korea is the Iced Americano, which remains a favorite even in winter. The term ‘Eoljukah’ (iced coffee even if I freeze to death) reflects the fast-paced culture that prefers quick and convenient coffee options. In 2019, Hyundai Research Lab found that the average Korean consumes 353 cups of coffee annually, twice the global average.
Major Coffee Chains and Brands
- Starbucks: Opening its first store in Seoul in 1999, Starbucks now operates 1,611 stores in Korea. It has become a significant cultural and lifestyle symbol, contributing to its high visibility and influence.
- Caffè Bene: Founded in 2008, Caffè Bene is the largest coffeehouse chain in South Korea with around 760 stores. The brand struggled initially in the U.S. but gained recognition through strategic partnerships with entertainment shows.
- Ediya Coffee: Established in 2001, Ediya Coffee operates approximately 1,800 stores. It has successfully collaborated with Kakao Friends for character-themed products and beverages.
- Paik’s Coffee: Founded by celebrity chef Baek Jong Won in 2006, Paik’s Coffee offers affordable coffee with a focus on quality. It uses fresh Brazilian beans and has introduced a mobile app for convenience.
Conclusion
South Korea’s coffee culture has transitioned from traditional dabangs to a diverse and sophisticated café scene. The evolution of coffee shops and consumption patterns reflects broader societal changes and continues to shape Korea’s vibrant coffee culture. As coffee culture in Korea evolves, it remains an integral part of daily life and a symbol of modernity and tradition.